Author: Projects DTRI

Researchers : Loresco, M.M., J.M.L. Roxas, R.R.C.S. Yambao, J.B. Banayo, K.M.D. Saballo, & A.A. Angeles.

ABSTRACT

Consistent dry matter and nutrient intake is very important in attaining good milk quality and high milk production. Hence, there is a need for a ration that will overcome the variable supply and quality of feed. Total Mixed Ration (TMR) is a form of complete feed formulation that provides consistent supply of nutrients to sustain high milk production. This study aims to compare the yield and quality of milk produced by Holstein-Sahiwal cows fed with either HD-TMR or LD-TMR. Physical and chemical properties of the two TMR formulations were analysed. Its effect on the yield and quality of milk were also examined. Results of the TMR analysis established the contrasting physical and chemical composition of the two TMR formulations. Milk quality analysis showed significant differences in the fat contents of the two groups of cows fed the two types of TMR. Milk from cows fed with HD-TMR had lower fat compared with the cows fed the LD-TMR. Cows fed high density TMR produced more milk during the first 90 days of lactation compared with those cows fed LD-TMR. All cows have the same body condition (BCS = 3) after the 90- day feeding period.

Researchers : A.A. Angeles, K.J.S. Ty, M.M.Loresco, A.M. Tapia, M.S. Galang, S.S. Capitan and E.M. Agbisit Jr.

Funding Agency : National Dairy Authority (NDA) and BENACORN

ABSTRACT

The study aims to determine the effect of feeding total mixed ration (TMR) on lactating cows compared with the traditional feeding of roughage and concentrate. A 3-month TMR feeding trial was conducted at the ADSC Dairy Farm, UPLB with the following treatments: 12 HF X S milking cows divided into two groups: Treatment 1- fed with soilage (ad libitum) + concentrate (NLT 16% CP) at 1 kg / 2L of milk and Treatment 2 – fed with TMR (NMT 16% CP, ad libitum). Feeding was conducted in four weeks. Feed and milk samples were analyzed using standard methods.
The conclusions were as follows: 1) There is a need for nutrient intake consistency; 2) Rations should be designed to effectively deliver nutrients; 3) TMR may consistently provide the required nutrients to maintain the level of milk production (has a tendency to increase), maintain milk quality and maintain body condition (and subsequent performance). The study shows that TMR can be a potential substitute to conventional feeding systems.

Researchers : A.J. Salces, J.B. Banayo, K.M. Umali and K.C.B. Tenorio

June 1, 2015 – May 31, 2016

UPLB-FI, USAID STRIDE

ABSTRACT

The project validated a genomic DNA extraction protocol from cattle hair and blood. Tail hair samples were obtained from 86 commercial hybrid cattle (SahiwalHolstein) from Real Fresh Dairy Farms, Inc., Bay, Laguna and 124 Siquijor native cattle from the Ubay Stock Farm, Ubay, Bohol. DNA were extracted successfully from hair follicles of Siquijor native cattle and the Sahiwal-Holstein hyrbid and was subsequently used for PCR-RFLP genotyping. The project also developed a PCR- RFLP protocol for cattle genotyping to select animals with superior cheese making properties (elite animals). The Siquijor native cattle group showed a higher frequency (0.93) of the B allele compared to the Sahiwal Holstein group. B variants of the betalactoglobulin gene has been found to be favourable for milk coagulation and cheese making (Allmere et al. 1998). Based on the combined kappa-casein and beta- lactoglobulin genotypes favorable for cheese production, we were able to rank the native animals. Of which, we further genotyped the top 25 using PCR-Sequencing technique to identify SNP markers present in select genes. Blood samples of native cattle from Batanes, Siquijor, Iloilo and Mindanao genetic groups were collected by needle puncture from the jugularvein using vacutainer with EDTA. DNA were succesfully extracted from blood samples of Batanes, Siquijor, Iloilo and Mindanao genetic groups using commercial DNA extraction kit. To analyze putative SSR markers, DNA from Philippine native cattle representing four genetic groups were sent for whole genome sequencing. DNA (2.5 μg) from each genetic group was sent to Australian Genome Research Facility (AGRF), however the Batanes group failed the AGRF QC test due to the low concentration of DNA. Library preparation was recently completed for two samples (Siquijor and Mindanao genetic groups) and forwarded to clustering step. The sequencing results is expected to arrive by July. Bioinformatics analysis will be done by Julian Villela from the Philippine Genome Center in Phase 2. Focused group discussions with the Siquijor farmers were conducted in order to identify problems and constraints in current dairy production practices and determine their selection criteria in dairying in order to develop breeding objectives for small hold dairy cattle breeding program.
Production environment survey and market survey were done to derive the economic values and come up with the breeding objectives for commercial dairy breeding program.

Researchers : Cynthia Remedios, DG. Villegas (MS) and E. P. Supangco

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to develop a bio-economic model of smallhold dairy crossbred buffalo in General Trias, Cavite, Philippines. To achieve the objectives, descriptive analysis were employed. Prim ary data were obtained from 100 smallhold dairy crossbred buffalo farmers, 12 white cheese processors and 8private schools using semi-structured questionnaires. Secondary data from government and private agencies were also utilized,
Characterization and evaluation of the smallhold dairy crossbred buffalo production and marketing system was done prior to the actual modeling procedure. Results showed that 67% of the animls were crossbreds, 99% of the farmer-respondents practiced extensive type of rearing, 22% supplemented concentrates to the lactating animals, 44% employed cut and carry system and 95% reported low milk yield during dry months. Since all the farmer-respondents considered dairying as their major source of income, majority (71%) hand milk the dam shortly after calving at the expense of the nutritional needs of its nursing calf. Moreover, farmer-respondents (91%) were not involved in navel care management, 62% provided neither housing nor facilities for their animals, 15% practiced calf-feed supplementation and 74% restricted the calf from suckling. Overall, dairy farmer-respondents provided minimal management to the animals particularly to the calf.
The focal problem was the farmer’s low income particularly during the dry months concurrent to the low market demand for buffalo milk due to low marketable milk surplus and low milk price. Cost and returns analysis showed a positive net income of Php 118.95 and Php 25.86, per day and per liter, respectively, during the peak production season.
The aggregate demand for buffalo milk, 10,284 kg per month of the dairy cooperative, white cheese processors and private schools captured a small portion of the total estimated demand for buffalo milk of the General Trias populace. Other demand estimation methods employed showed that the demand for buffalo milk in 2009 was 119,902,123,499 and 143,473 kg per month. This was way above the estimated supply of buffalo milk in the locality amounting to 24,974 kg per month only.
A bio-economic model revealed that calf management, in terms of pre-pubertal weight gain, influences the future performance of the dairy animals. Strong negative linear relationships were found between cumulative 240-day first lactation milk and pre-pubertal average daily gain at 7 months, 9 months and 10 months of age (P<0.01)
Simulation results showed that calves reared under recommended management (RM) tend to have higher first lactation milk yield, higher weights for the entire rearing period, earlier onset of puberty and shorter non-productive life than calves reared under farmer’s practice. A 46.22% increase in buffalo milk supply of the General Trias locality can be achieved if RM practices were employed.

Program Leader : Professor Faustino Q. Arrienda
Department of Agribusiness and management (DAM)

Project Leader : Olivia C. Emata
ADSC, UPLB

Date Started : August 17, 2009

Funding Agency : DOST, PCARRD

Project Fund : P2,470,000.00

Staff Involved : Eleazar Manaog, Miguel C. Ting, Charlene Nina R. Lim-Laboratory Technician;
Mary Ann Panabang – Laboratory Aide
Josephine L. Rayos – Support Staff

ABSTRACT

The first 4 months of the project was utilized for project organization, procurement and other refinements of cheese processing procedures for manual preparation. The trial runs were conducted to prepare the project staff for the actual cheese production and training. These trial runs were conducted in the laboratory as it is equipped with a 40 li cap cheese vat (using direct heat). In as mush as DTRI cannot provide us milk for our processing needs due to low milk production, we sourced the milk from Real Fresh Dairy Farm at P21 per liter.

The program management decided to process the excess cream of ADSC Toll processor, Real Fresh Dairy Inc. DTRI procedure on cream manufacture was improved as a result of sensory evaluation conducted by staff of the animal Products and by Products Utilization Division (APPUD) of the ADSC. The business aspect of cream cheese production using this experience was documented to serve as a business model for student cheese technopreneurs. The project processed cream cheese, Gouda and Blue cheese using buffalo milk courtesy of Philippine Carabao Center (PCC). PCC provided milk to support the R and D component of the project on cheese processing.the cheese was made available for sale at PCC dairy bar.

Eighteen students from the College of Agriculture and College of Economics and Management opted cheese processing as their business option after graduation. They were trained in the initial phase of their Special Problem which is also a pre requisite for their graduation. Only 12 business plans were made and presented to technical group hence, these students were the only ones allowed to continue the implementation of their business plans. Only 8 out of 12 were able to make it in the final business implementation. One opted to make white cheese, one for Ricotta cheese, and the rest chose cream cheese from different types of milk. Despite of being more expensive compared to the products made from cow and buffalo milk, cream cheese from goats milk was found to be the most promising in the market. To date, there are now 3 students utilizing the ADSC dairy plant as Toll Processors. There are now 4 successful student technopreneurs being considered by the technology Business Incubator program of the University for technical assistance.

Researchers : Ma. Jovi L. Hodrial, Nenita E. Tapay and Virginia L. Barraquio

ABSTRACT

The kasilyo processors of Cavite Province were females, aged 28 to 65 years old, with majority of them elementary school graduates. Some were married to farmers who are engaged in raising Philippine carabaos. Kasilyo making is their only occupation and source of income, which ranged from Php 300 to 2000 per day. The technology of kasilyo making was either learned from their mother/mother-in-law or from their spouse. The kasilyo technology was entirely different from UPLB-DTRI technology, from the coagulant used up to the method of processing. Majority of the kasilyo processors were not aware of the UPLB-DTRI technology because no one has informed them about it. Only three (3) of the eight (8) kasilyo processors were interested in adopting the DTRI-UPLB technology because of the less labor and minimal contact with hands involved. The results of acceptability evaluation showed that UPLB-DTRI cheese was liked highly (P<0.05) over kasilyo samples.  The mean moisture, ash, total protein, fat and salt contents of kasilyo samples were higher compared to the UPLB-DTRI cheese. The pH of DTRI cheese was higher than the pH of kasilyo samples. Kasilyo samples showed total bacterial and yeast and mold counts per g ranging from 2.20 x 108 to TNTC (too numerous to count) at 10-6 dilution and 1.91 x 104 to TNTC at 10-1 dilution, respectively. The coliform counts were all TNTC at 10-1 dilution. Sanitary methods during processing, pasteurization of milk and education/training of kasilyo processors were recommended to improve the quality of kasilyo.  

Researchers: Ma. Jannine M. Vallejos, Laura J. Pham and Virginia L. Barraquio

ABSTRACT

Natural and processed cheese samples from the different supermarkets around Laguna Province in the Philippines were analyzed for the presence and quantity of biogenic amines using thin layer chromatography with Biosoft™ Quantiscan program. The histamine concentrations were 113.4 ± 1.8 ppm, 217.9 ± 1.0 ppm, and 49.9 ± 3.6 ppm in Blue, Cheddar and Edam cheese, respectively. The histamine limit in cheese is 100 mg/kg, hence the level found in Cheddar cheese needs to be looked into. The tyramine contents were 2269.3 ± 3.6 ppm, 571.3 ± 2.0 ppm and 199.7 ± 1.9 ppm in Blue, Cheddar and Edam cheese, respectively. Since the limit for tyramine in cheese is 200 mg/kg the levels found in Blue and Cheddar cheese is of serious concern. Brie, processed cheese and white soft cheese (kesong puti) were negative for both histamine and tyramine. All cheeses were negative for cadaverine. High levels of histamine and tyramine found in the cheese samples analyzed indicate the need to expand sampling to other natural cheese varieties sold in the province. Then, actual or anticipated human exposure risk to BAs in cheese can be determined to ascertain the necessity for the Food and Drug Administration and other government agencies concerned with food safety to take action.